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951.
“范式”一词于20世纪70年代由库恩基于科学哲学提出,并逐渐为科学界接受。同时,各学科学者借用库恩的“范式”概念和“研究程序”思想而构建出本学科的研究范式。因此,使得各学科间的研究范式既具有相对独立性又存在联系性。地理学也因此形成自己的研究范式。中国近现代地理学作为世界地理学的重要组成部分,深受其思想与方法的影响。因此,系统地认识20世纪初叶以来我国地理学研究范式的发展历程十分必要。采用“历史”与“逻辑”统一的原则对地理学研究范式的含义与意义及我国地理学研究范式历史的认识进行研究得出:中国地理学经历了区域因果关系范式到空间范式的继承与转变;我国近现代地理学范式的发展始终是“显范式”(冠予“范式”一词的研究方法)与“潜范式”(未冠予“范式”一词的研究方法)并存发展的;我国人文地理学研究范式与应用多以“显范式”为主,自然地理学多以“潜范式”为主;所有地理学研究范式都遵循地理学空间思想指导;未来地理学研究范式将朝向定量化、技术化、空间化、社会性和文化性方向及格局、过程、机制及模拟发展,朝向科学第四范式迈进。 相似文献
952.
模拟研究沙海蜇消亡过程中海水pH 变化及对海水酸化的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过室内模拟实验,研究了不同pH、盐度、温度和氮磷比控制条件下沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)消亡过程中水体pH的变化特征及对海水酸化的影响.结果表明,沙海蜇块体分解会造成pH的显著降低,水体出现明显酸化.随着沙海蜇的分解,本底海水组(本底海水+实验用沙海蜇)水体pH呈现先下降,后缓慢回升直至稳定的趋势,并在第2天形成最小值,且水体pH下降0.5~1.3.沙海蜇块体在不同pH、盐度、氮磷比、温度控制条件下分解时,水体pH变化趋势相似,均表现为先下降,达到最小值后再缓慢回升,但不同控制条件下水体pH出现最小值的时间并不一致,从先到后的顺序是温度组(第3天)、pH和盐度组(第4天)及氮磷比组(第5天),这与沙海蜇块体分解速率顺序一致.沙海蜇分解过程中,这4个实验组水体pH下降0.5~1.8,水体发生明显的酸化,这其中海水盐度、pH的变化及温度的降低所导致的沙海蜇消亡过程中海水酸化程度比较严重;因此,在当今海水富营养化及海水温度升高的情况下,沙海蜇的暴发及其消亡会造成海洋生态系统遭受更严重的破坏. 相似文献
953.
954.
Hugo Hammer Odd Kolbjørnsen Håkon Tjelmeland Arild Buland 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(3):500-515
We invert prestack seismic amplitude data to find rock properties of a vertical profile of the earth. In particular we focus on lithology, porosity and fluid. Our model includes vertical dependencies of the rock properties. This allows us to compute quantities valid for the full profile such as the probability that the vertical profile contains hydrocarbons and volume distributions of hydrocarbons. In a standard point wise approach, these quantities can not be assessed. We formulate the problem in a Bayesian framework, and model the vertical dependency using spatial statistics. The relation between rock properties and elastic parameters is established through a stochastic rock model, and a convolutional model links the reflectivity to the seismic. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to generate multiple realizations that honours both the seismic data and the prior beliefs and respects the additional constraints imposed by the vertical dependencies. Convergence plots are used to provide quality check of the algorithm and to compare it with a similar method. The implementation has been tested on three different data sets offshore Norway, among these one profile has well control. For all test cases the MCMC algorithm provides reliable estimates with uncertainty quantification within three hours. The inversion result is consistent with the observed well data. In the case example we show that the seismic amplitudes make a significant impact on the inversion result even if the data have a moderate well tie, and that this is due to the vertical dependency imposed on the lithology fluid classes in our model. The vertical correlation in elastic parameters mainly influences the upside potential of the volume distribution. The approach is best suited to evaluate a few selected vertical profiles since the MCMC algorithm is computer demanding. 相似文献
955.
A tuned mass damper (TMD) system consists of an added mass with properly functioning spring and damping elements for providing frequency‐dependent damping in a primary structure. The advantage of a friction‐type TMD, that is, a nonlinear TMD, is its energy dissipation via a friction mechanism. In contrast, the disadvantages of a passive friction TMD (PF‐TMD) are its fixed and predetermined slip load and loss of tuning and energy dissipation capabilities when it is in a stick state. A semi‐active friction TMD (SAF‐TMD) is used to overcome these disadvantages. The SAF‐TMD can adjust its slip force in response to structure motion. To verify its feasibility, a prototype SAF‐TMD was fabricated and tested dynamically using a shaking table test. A nonsticking friction control law was used to keep the SAF‐TMD activated and in a slip state in earthquakes at varying intensities. The shaking table test results demonstrated that: (i) the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results; (ii) the SAF‐TMD is more effective than the PF‐TMD given a similar peak TMD stroke; and (iii) the SAF‐TMD can also prevent a residual TMD stroke in a PF‐TMD system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
956.
957.
Jaime Escobar Mark Brenner Thomas J. Whitmore William F. Kenney Jason H. Curtis 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(2):715-731
Fifty-seven surface sediment samples from 35 Florida lakes were collected to study testate amoebae. Seven genera, 17 species,
and 28 strains were identified in the 46 sediment samples from 31 lakes that contained testate rhizopods. Seven species accounted
for ≥90% of the individuals in all samples. Sediment total phosphorus (TPsed), organic matter (OM), and total carbon:total
nitrogen ratio (TC:TN) were measured to assess the effect of these variables on thecamoebian assemblages. OM content was the
only sediment variable that influenced presence/absence of thecamoebians. Samples with <5% OM contained no thecamoebians.
Lakes with multiple surface sediment samples showed high Morisita–Horn similarity values (0.74–0.99), indicating that all
sites at which samples were collected in a lake provided representative thecamoebian assemblages. No relationship was observed
between thecamoebian diversity indices and sediment variables. Lake trophic state and pH were examined to explore potential
water column influences on thecamoebian communities. Highest thecamoebian diversity indices were found in mesotrophic to eutrophic
lakes with pH near 8.0. These results suggest that water column conditions have a greater influence on thecamoebian assemblages
than do sediment variables. We used multivariate analysis to evaluate the relations between water quality variables and testate
rhizopod assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that alkalinity and pH are the water column variables
that most influence the relative abundance of species. Thecamoebians thus hold promise as bioindicators of acidification in
Florida lakes. Thecamoebian remains in lake sediment cores should be useful to infer past anthropogenic shifts in lake pH. 相似文献
958.
959.
南海中尺度大气-海流-海浪耦合模式的建立及应用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
考虑到我国南海特殊的战略位置和复杂的海气相互作用特征,基于中尺度大气模式(MM5)、区域海洋模式(POM)和第三代海浪模式(WW3),利用消息传递的并行编程方案,建立了适用于我国南海海区的中尺度大气-海流-海浪三元耦合模式系统,将该系统用于对南海典型台风过程的模拟研究。结果表明:耦合模式运行高效稳定,较好模拟了两次台风过程,与非耦合大气模式相比,提高了对台风路径和强度的模拟准确率;耦合模式模拟出了上层海洋对台风系统的响应特征,在台风中心附近,海面温度降低,海表流场和海浪场增强,相对于台风路径,响应具有右偏性;耦合模式中的波浪效应增强了海表应力,阻碍了台风系统的发展,增强了海面降温幅度和海流近惯性振荡的振幅。大气-海流-海浪耦合模式系统是研究南海中尺度海-气相互作用,提高南海区域气象水文预报能力的一种有效手段。 相似文献
960.
不同灌水量对碱化土的影响 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
碱化土壤上不同定额灌水量试验研究表明,电导率与可溶性盐是成正比关系,电导率、可溶性盐与pH成反比关系。灌水量对土壤总盐及盐分组成中CT、SO4^2-的影响较人;随着灌水量的增加,表层土壤中HCO3^-增加,pH上升。灌水量必须大于一定的量才具有洗盐作用。 相似文献